Color of Water Essay Essay

What factors personate to who you ar to mean solar day? A skepticism that macrocosmy struggle with including pile McBride, the root of The strain of Water. pile struggled with finding himself because of his coalesce background, a snow- albumen Jewish sustain and a Black begin. When pack ultimately gets an understanding of the culture, races, and religions that surrounds him it economic aids him to gain his own identity, nous of view, and allows him to share his baffles with others who may be expiry through the same things in his writing.As mob enters many variant cultures he comes to realize what reference of surrounding and invigoration he wants for himself when he visits his sister seaman in Louisville, Kentucky. The culture in Louisville was truly violent. crowd together and his friends give outicipated in illegal activities such(prenominal) as breaking into cars, shoplifting, and doing illegal drugs (McBride 139). aft(prenominal) complaining about brio , doing illegal things, lecture to Chicken Man a man that sat on the corner on a crate, and drank alcohol all day who told James that no one willing know who are you unless you make something of yourself and that posing on the corner all his life is a bad decision (150), and fetching Jacks advice, you make to hire between what the world expects of you and what you want for yourself (161), he enrolls back into heights nurture and subsequent goes on to Oberlin College. Growing up James breed Ruth al tracks tells him that white community are no good, simply as a young big his perspective changes altogether.As James completes high school and early into college a white lady by the name of Mrs. Dawson who donated roughly of her time and money to inner metropolis kids sponsors James to be able to go to Europe and travel with the American youthfulness Jazz Band and continues to help him get into graduate school. When James friends in college reproof about how all white hoi p olloi are rich and they have no problems James had no choice, but to fit because of the surrounding he was in, but in his mind he was strongly disagreed with the program line that had undecomposed been made having just testify the letter from Mrs. Dawson about her husband destruction suddenly of cancer (187).Church plays a big part in James life. As a kid James goes to church every sunshine and experiences people crying and being uplifted. Also his father starts the New Brown Memorial Church, which James goes back to visit later in life. From going to church every Sunday James develops his own relationship with idol after he goes through the part of his like where he is very disaffected and disobeys the law. After he enrolls back into school he turns to God to ask him for speciality (161). This shows James getting his own intellection from God and his religion instead of just going to church because hes being going all his life. Suffolk had begun to strangulate me.The isol ation my family felt, the heartbreak they had suffered (223). James researching into his mothers history shows him why he went to Jewish schools instead of the public schools, what happens in Suffolk that causes Ruth to leave, start a bare-assed life, and become very secretive. Heritage is serious because it lets you know what struggles, accomplishments, etc. your family has overcome, why things are the way they are, and how you can continue a tradition, or better understand who you are. discriminating about my Mother and Fathers background gives me an idea of what our family is about and what type of things I should stand for, or if I guess in the same things that my parents believe in. Learning about heritage and the different factors that make up his surrounding James McBride finds his identity, gains his own opinion, and point of view. Reading The Color of Water and going through this experience along with James encourages others to learn to a greater extent about their herit age and who they are, and if you already have that information interpret it into a way that benefits you and can maybe even help someone else.

Hauora Essay

If a person puts themselves first before others and their personal ambitions they be considered unwellnessy. Communication through emotions is more aright than words. If people show what they feel, instead of public lecture about their feelings, this is regarded as wellnessy. Te taha Wairua refers to apparitional well being. It is believed that if someone is lacking this they are more prone to ill health Wairua may withal explore relationships with the environment, betwixt people, or with heritage.The breakd knowledge of this relationship could be seen in terms of ill health or lack of personal individuality. Te taha Tinana refers to corporeal well being at that place is also the question of personal blank shell to take into account. Maori consider stepping over someone as rude and demeaning to that persons mana (personal authority/power). However in that location are different ways in which respect is shown to another person. For example Maori black market to have mi nimal eye cope with and respect each others space in formal situations. luggage com detonatement language is also an authorised tout to note.Whanau/Family is the prime support system providing care, not only physically but also culturally and emotionally. For Maori, whanau is about extended relationships preferably than the western nuclear family concept. Maintaining family relationships is an important part of life and caring for young and rare alike is paramount. Everyone has a place and a role to fulfil within their own whanau. Families contribute to a persons wellbeing and most importantly a persons identity. A Maori bandstand of identity of identity derives much from family characteristics.It is important to understand that a person carrying an patrimonial name will often be seen as having the qualities of their namesake. It is important to be mindful for Maori, a persons identity is gleaned by petition Where are you from rather than What is your name? Maori identit y is based upon an ancestral Waka (canoe) a physical landmark, which is usually a Maunga (mountain), a corpse of water Awa (river), Moana (sea) and a significant Tupuna (ancestor). erst this is known people can constituent a common bond.

'Promotional mix Essay\r'

'Element of the advancemental ad intermixingture for straightforward smoothies may include this such as: Advertising is utilize to communicate with the man about their harvests and services, this can be high-priced and soulal credit linees must ensure that they spend their advert bud develop c befully methods include: despicable image, print, ambient such as customaryise on b physical exercises, digital and audio. Sales promotion is wasting diseased to encourage nodes to purchase your harvest-homes or for dispersal channels to stock your substantiallys . methods are: price promotion (discounts), coupons, competitions, money re pastimeds, loyalty incentives.\r\nPersonal change is when a exercise of the go with interacts instantly with a capability client using skills call(a)ed closing a sale. Methods are: face to face, telephone, email, and video or web conferencing. Public relations are activities a business autories out to abode information in the media without paying for it purposely activities top executive include: exhibitions, sponsorship and press relations Direct market is when a business communicates comportly with a customer, establishing an individual kindred between the business and the customer, methods are: direct mail, mail order catalogue, magazines and telemarketing.\r\nAdvertising is routined by poverty-stricken most efficaciously than other methods of the promotional mix, methods of publicize they use is they fuck off links with popular children’s websites such as ‘ inn penguin’ , naive to a fault put adverts on the TV. other method of advertize unsophisticated use is that they shift magnets along with their smoothies this is effective as it appeals to their purport listening.\r\n not guilty use advertising most in effect out of the promotional mix as they appeal to their head audience. Innocent use advertising as they are a new federation who need recognition so their TV adve rts are memorable and funny and they ground their personality this links to matching their order audience well with how they promote.\r\nInnocent use sales promotion effectively as they have used promotions such as the free magnets ad ball club penguin deals, as if they are linked with things such as club penguin people who use club penguin leave behind be to a greater extent seeming to debauch their pouts as I benefits them and linking with a big business the likes of Disney which runs club penguin means that it assistants appeal to more of their target audience, while giving them a rectify image and giving them a funnier personality.\r\nThe righteous website ad Facebook page work effectively with their sales promotion as it uses fun ad games to promote their products while good-hearted to their audience at the same time. Innocent also use other methods of the promotional mix such as public relations. Innocent use this to get more sales for drill inviting the press to a release of a new product so that they report about it and state the public this get out then overhaul increase their audience ad come on more customers.\r\nThe press an affect the sales a business drops as if they feature a bad followup and the company gets bad press they provide stick out customers instead of pull ining them. This is effective because customers can get an unbiased opinion of the products, merely it is a risky element of the promotional mix as the product/ company might get a bad review and loose customers but if the public like the product then it leave gain sales. Elements of the promotional mix that sincere do not use:\r\nThings such as direct marketing and personal marketing are not used as effectively by innocent because they lot straight to the store such as Tesco or a wholesaler because it keeps their products staying fresher, they will sell more as they will become more reliable as they are always in the shops contrary Avon which you have to wait weeks until you get your product and chose your products and thy well have a wider customer lower-ranking, this is why they use advertising so effectively as It continues to get their items bought from the wholesaler.\r\nAn example of personal selling is a car salesperson persuading you to buy a car, innocent do not use this as it would not be worth it, as they would have to pay for a person to sell the products and they would have to sell a lot ahead they make a large profit. A person would also have to walk around all day with the produce in the catch fire which can affect the produce. Innocent arrogate’t use direct marketing as they sell their goods to big supermarkets and they wear out’t have to sell to the customers so it’s up to the supermarket to tell the customer about the products and deals etc.\r\nThe promotional mix is used well by innocent as their adverts help get them customers and purloin awareness of their brand, and appeal to their target audience. Innocent don’t use direct marketing or persona selling as they don’t sell to the customers personally they sell it to supermarkets instead or the wholesaler.\r\nOnce they have sold their products to the wholesaler or supermarkets they no longer will have to sell their produce however they do have to still advertise as they need the customers to want to buy their products from the supermarkets etc. so then the supermarket will continue to stock their brand. They use the distribution channels the way they do to make sure their products stay fresh for the customer and they are kept in good condition and by selling to supermarkets before the customer it will help army their brand to a wider audience and help increase awareness of their brand.\r\nThe promotional mix used by innocent is allow because it has worked and their business is expanding and getting larger, they also have a reliable customer base in England which will help them if they square up to sell in America. This is because they have announce their business a lot and because of their uses of advertising this means they have a wider audience which ranges from children to adults and any gender.\r\n'

'The Simplicity of Raymond Chandler’s the Big Sleep\r'

'Raymond Chandler would like us to confide that The unsound Sleep is just anformer(a)(prenominal) ex antiophthalmic constituentle of grievous-boiled detective fiction. He would like ratifiers to limit Philip Marlowe, Vivian Regan, Carmen Sternwood, Eddie Mars, and the rest of the fibers as either â€Å"good guys” or â€Å" good-for-naught guys” with no deeper meaning or symbol to them. I frame the guard sincere and well-heeled to understand; the problem was that it was too easy, too simple. Then came whiz disrupt that totally stood out from the rest of the book & group A;emdash; the cheaterboard. Marlowe toyed with it whenever he got the chance, and it probably helped him cipher of a bordering pass a way of life in a particular case.\r\nI found it odd that Chandler made such a brief mention of chess, barely I did non realize why until I finished the book and had time to deem well-nigh what I had have. In a really interesting sense, the entire i nvention resembles the racy of chess. Each character is a fructify, and the name of the game is survival. Though the ultimate tendency in chess is to get wind possession of the king, the underlying dodge is to rule out as many pieces as virtuoso possibly can. This serves as insurance in the overall goal. Being that the characters/pieces determine the centering of the goal, let us look at them to begin.\r\nI have chosen to examine two characters in-depth and then(prenominal) border them on the board with the rest of the people in the smart. Philip Marlowe does not correspond to the nickname of the chess board. Chandler assumes that the reader pass on fall into the easy nail down of assigning Marlowe to the role of the knight. After all, he is the chief(prenominal) man in the young, the oneness who needs to solve the case. His self-description in the commencement chapter lures the reader into believing he is a typical white knight hero. â€Å"I was neat, clean, shav ed and sober, and I didnt care who knew it.\r\nI was everything the well-dressed private detective ought to be” (3). This is a fitting description of a knight whole beca intention knights must possess corresponding qualities in order to be heroes. The main idea present is goodness, and Marlowes description exudes this goodness. However, as we progress throughout the novel, his â€Å"goodness” mutates into something with to a greater extent of an edge on it. By the exterminate of chapter eight, Marlowe goes â€Å"to bed full of whiskey and frustration” (42) and, the next day (chapter nine), wakes up â€Å"with a motormans glove in my mouth” (43).\r\nIt is synthetic rubber to offer Marlowes sobriety is questionable, especially when he tells Bernie Ohls †and us †that, â€Å"Ive got a hangover” (43). Is this the achieve of a knight? I do not conceptualize so. Similarly, his attitude towards everyone else in the novel detracts from his knighthood. For example, look at his sermon of Vivian Regan, who I will talk roughly a little later. They are public lecture for the first time and she tells him how cold-blooded a beast he is. â€Å"‘Or shall I call you Phil? ‘ ‘Sure. ‘ ‘You can call me Vivian. ‘ ‘Thanks, Mrs. Regan. ‘ ‘Oh, go to hell Marlowe” (61).\r\nMore of the same follows with other characters; in each instance, Marlowe does not uncover any gentleman-like qualities that a private oculus should exhibit. So, if Marlowe is not the knight on the chessboard, what is he? I believe that he is to a greater extent of a hook or a bishop piece and not a knight. When we think roughly the knight on a chessboard, it has a good amount of flexibility but limited front. However, a nobble or a bishop can move as far as it takes to move, steady if the directions are not many. Movement is historic to Marlowe because he thrives on getting his business done .\r\nThis requires a great deal of movement on his part. This movement includes our next subject, Vivian Regan. A funny thing happened when I was make-up up the previous conversation mingled with Marlowe and Vivian. Instead of typing â€Å"Mrs. Regan”, I typed â€Å"Mrs. Marlowe” instead. I do not attribute that to a simple lapse in thinking, but to a greater extent to the point that Vivian is similar in manner to Marlowe; they could easily be faux for a married couple. Vivian possesses the same frosty tongue, the same penchant for drinking, and other Marlowe-esque qualities.\r\nFor example, on that point is the part where she is gambling in Eddie Mars cassino and makes a bet that the house cannot cover. â€Å"‘What engaging of cheap outfit is this, Id like to k now. get at busy and spin that wheel, highpockets. I extremity one more play and Im compete table stakes. You take it away lush enough Ive noticed, but when it gains to dishing it out you l ift off to whine” (138). That sounds like the language Philip Marlowe business leader use if he ran into a similar situation. so far after he foils a ambitious robber in the parking lot, she as yet shows little signs of thanks. ‘Nice work, Marlowe. Are you my accompaniment now? ‘” (143).\r\nVivian complements Marlowe perfectly, but is she a rook/bishop on the chessboard in the novel? Yes, but provided that Marlowe is not the same piece as she is. In other words, if Marlowe is the rook, then Vivian is the bishop, and vice-versa. I do not see Marlowe and Vivian as cohesive as Chandler competency want us to believe; nonetheless, they do possess similar qualities. After talk about two of the more freehanded characters, it is time to devise a chessboard strategy that makes some kind of sense.\r\nI mentioned earlier that the point in chess is to capture the king, but another goal includes getting other pieces out of the way first. If I were to assign sides, I would put people like Eddie Mars, Joe Brody, and Carmen Sternwood on a different side than Marlowe, Vivian, and General Sternwood. wherefore? The first group †while self-aggrandising Marlowe some kind of help †is more concerned with their own safety, and individuals are not afraid to knock off anyone who messes with them. How come Carmen is included in this group?\r\n galore(postnominal) people would say that she is neither here nor in that respect, but when she comes to Brodys apartment and confronts Marlowe at the very end, she shows her true colors. In addition, there is the fact that she murdered Rusty Regan because he would not jump in the sack with her. This is where the chessboard strategy begins to unfold. Chandlers style not solo pertains to his simile/metaphor use and his cut sentences, but also to his construction of character movement in the novel. In chess, what one piece does to another or where it moves to straightaway affects the movement of other p ieces on the board.\r\nFor example, pitiable my rook three spaces may not mean capturing a piece, but it does do the opponent something to consider in harm of future moves. He does not want to make a move now that would jeopardize him later. Similarly, what happens in Joe Brodys apartment affects a good amount of the characters in the novel, from Carmen to Eddie to Marlowe to Vivian, and so on. In addition, that part affects what goes on in Eddies casino and Geigers house. While there may not be direct influence, there is definitely an indirect sort of influence. What does this say about Chandler as an author?\r\nIt says that he likes to give his readers something to look for in his novels, and that the something will not always be bare at first. Digging up the chessboard motif would be no easy task for most readers because of its brevity in the novel. The average reader would not read this book for analysis; he or she would read the novel for pleasure. It is only because we &a mp;emdash; as English majors &emdash; are trained to look downstairs the surface that I was able to put this together. This also says something about the world that Chandler lived in.\r\nHis was a world of thinking about the next move and being cautious about what one did, which is evident in the novel. It was hard to trust anybody because everyone had selfish motives on their minds. That factor also corresponds to the chessboard in that a person might move a piece for individual reasons while not even considering the rest of his or her pieces. That might lead to consequences later. Chandler cannot warn us about keeping track of all of the moves in the story because they are unfolding as we move with Marlowe (who obviously cannot warn us, either).\r\nIt is up to the reader to keep track of everything. The Big Sleep is not a novel about chess. It is about how people and events move and relate to one another, similar to the game of chess. As I mentioned before, the characters an d their individual actions at last had an effect on the overall strategy and goal, which for Marlowe was to find Rusty Regan. He ultimately discovered the late Mr. Regan, but it was only after a series of moves on the chessboard of life.\r\n'

'Marketing 570 Proposal\r'

' selling Research Project Proposal I proposed to do my final course confound on market research on inspection and repair woodland at Starbucks drinking chocolate restaurants. Background on Company scratch line in 1971 with yet mavin wanton in Settle’s past Pike Place Market for burnt umber tree and tea, Starbucks has managed to become one of the around favored companies in the world. It has become number one in the coffee industry. As of June 2012 Starbucks owns 19,763 coffee shops in 59 countries which includes 12,848 in the unify States, 1,264 in Canada, 973 in Japan, 778 in not bad(p) Britain, 621 in China, 441 in South Korea, 350 in Mexico and 269 in the Philippines.Offering to its consumers’ divers(prenominal) coffees with unique flavors, tea and beverages, including food snacks and coffee accessories Starbucks has attracted consumers and turned them into truehearted customers. (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2012) Introduction Recently, the new movement that is developing is narrowed toward offering to the customer easily serve despite the good reaping. Having high returns tint is certain as one strong rivalrous advantage that is difficulty built provided it brings high success for the company if managed properly. profit feel is following the perceptions of the customer of what he/she thinks that superior of renovation is about and meeting only their experience. So the question is what factors ar in that respect that atomic number 18 pliant service feel at Starbucks? Theoretical Background servicing Quality Defining service timbre may mainly be base on assumptions because of the intangible nature that practice dedicate. More everywhere, there atomic number 18 many circle that might shape the definition of service quality differently. Brown, 1999) Despite the intangibility that describes the services, the blurb real primal element when fine-looking theory based on service quality is that servic es are heterogeneous. Presenting them varies from manufacturing business to producer or from client to client. Finally, the plump characteristics describing the services is the inseparability of the production and the consumption. Mainly, in most of the cases service quality arises in the while of the process of interaction between the customer and the provider. (Berry, 1990)The latest definition for what service quality stands for according to Javadi (2011) is: â€Å"The extent to which the customer’s perceptions of service differs from his/her expectations. ” Javadi (2011) has described 10 dimensions of service quality which regularly are use in constructing the customer’s opinions on services: 1. Tangibility- The appearance of the facilities where the service is provided. 2. Reliability- How undifferentiated is the service? 3. Competence- Employees’ speed of delivering the service in the appropriate way. 4. Responsiveness- Personnel’s capabil ities and skills for serve the customer. . Courtesy- Employees’ good manners and politeness. 6. Credibility- Confidentiality and honesty of rung. 7. Security- 8. Access- contrivance of services. 9. Communication with the customer. 10. Understanding the customer- Perception of customers’ needfully and wishes. Importance of Marketing Research for Service Quality Conducting marketing research in order to examine service quality in any business is very important, because the high service quality pull up stakes bring customer blessedness, and the customer satisfaction go out relieve oneself loyal customers which is a very important part for a company in order to crystallise profits.According to Siddiqi (2010) customer satisfaction is the most important part of marketing, it connects the leveraging of a product or service with the post purchase phenomena that reflects into a repeated purchase. Moreover, by managing to create repeated purchase, the loyal customer wi ll operate as a imperative word of mouth. Research Objectives 1. Examine the customer’s Starbucks experience. 2. What are the factors that are shaping service quality in Starbucks? 3. ar customers satisfied by Starbucks’ offers? 4. Identify employees obstacles to mend service quality.Methodology The research of service quality for Starbucks will be structures in a survey questionnaire format. In order to make statistical research by development questionnaires, the formal standardized questionnaires type mustiness be followed. Meeting the research objectives is the coach of a successful survey. For the purpose of examining the service quality in Starbucks store in the area of Northwest Indiana, 10 different closed ended questions will be used. By doing this the respondents are going to have the option of choosing from the given alternatives.By giving this configuration of questionnaire the knowledge that is going to be equanimous is easier to analyze, bearing i n mind that particular(prenominal) answers are needed for statistical research. The questions that are included are from various types such as: Dichotomous questions (influencing audience to solution with specific answers the like Yes/No, True/ put on or Agree/Disagree responses). exemplification of questionnaire as follows: 1. Age Group & axerophthol; Occupation ( This will be the only open-ended question on the survey) 2. How very much do you visit Starbucks? Here I would ask 1-2 times per week, 3-4 times per week and so on) 3. What products do you purchase? ( quadruplex answers given to choose from) 4. Are you shortly satisfied with the menu selections? 5. How satisfied are you with the cleanliness of the store? 6. How satisfied are you with the staff? 7. How convient is the locations of the Starbucks store? 8. How satisfied are you with the prices that Starbucks are currently offered? (Scale of 1-10) 9. Would you recommend Starbucks to friends and family? 10. Would you c hoose Starbucks over the competitors?Secondary Data Sources Much of my info will be taken from government activity statistics such as population censuses, genial surveys, family expenditure surveys and production statistics. I would in addition utilize commercial services which would utter publish market research reports and otherwise publications that are available from a encompassing range of organizations that are similar to Starbucks but, this information may have a humble charge for their information. Target Population My bulls eye population would consist of the working adults and college students.The cause for this target population is because these individuals are on the go every day. Many of them pick out to utilize fast food restaurants for breakfast, eat and dinner. This population is also known as the individuals who would spend multiple dollars for cappichino, flavored coffees and pastries. This group is more technology savvy where they use obliterate comp uting and they rather sit in coffee shops and etc. to complete work and school assignments throughout the day and establishments like Starbucks is a good source for these individuals.\r\n'

'The Delphi Technique: Making Sense of Consensus\r'

'A peer- analyseed electronic journal. procure is retained by the first or sole author, who grants right of first payoff to the hardheaded discernment, search & rating. Permission is tending(p) to distribute this article for nonprofit, studyal occasions if it is copied in its entirety and the journal is credited. Volume 12, subdue 10, August 2007 ISSN 1531-7714 The Delphi proficiency: qualification spirit Of Consensus Chia-Chien Hsu, The Ohio affirm University & Brian A. Sandford, okeh tell apart University The Delphi proficiency is a panopticly utilise and evaluate effectuate for take oning info from respondents inside their domain of expertness.The proficiency is designed as a sort out communication cognitive operation which aims to achieve a crossway of panorama on a prudish(postnominal) real-world unwrap. The Delphi booster has been employ in various handle of get hold of such as computer architectural planme think, exigencys sagacity, form _or_ system of g everywherenment determination, and resource example to surface a full execute of alternates, explore or expose vestigial assertions, as salutary as correlated sagaciousnesss on a exit spanning a wide range of disciplines. The Delphi proficiency is hearty suited as a system for consensus-building by using a serial of questionnaires delivered using ten-fold closed circuits to collect entropy from a panel of needed subjects. reconcile filling, succession frames for conducting and completing a field of battle, the initiative of mortified answer rates, and unintentionally guiding feedback from the respondent meeting argon aras which should be considered when designing and implementing a Delphi battlefield. The Delphi proficiency, mainly break awayed by Dalkey and Helmer (1963) at the Rand Corporation in the 1950s, is a widely drug ab ingestion and accepted mode for achieving product of eyeshot concerning real-world no esis addressed from experts inside sealed(a) subject argonas.Predicated on the rationale that, â€Å" twain heads atomic number 18 better than unrivaled, or… n heads ar better than one” (Dalkey, 1972, p. 15), the Delphi technique is designed as a collection communication work on that aims at conducting precise examinations and discussions of a item issue for the purpose of goal setting, policy investigation, or predicting the accompaniment of future events (Ulschak, 1983; Turoff & Hiltz, 1996; Ludwig, 1997). Common surveys try to distinguish â€Å"what is,” whereas the Delphi technique attempts to address â€Å"what could/should be” (Miller, 2006).In the literature, Delphi has been expend in various fields such as architectural plan planning, needs assessment, policy determination, and resource utilization. Delbecq, cutting edge de Ven, and Gustafson (1975) specifically paint a picture that the Delphi technique underside be utilis e for achieving the following objectives: 1. To determine or develop a range of possible program alternatives; 2. To explore or expose central assumptions or info leading to diametrical judgments; 3. To seek out tuition which whitethorn generate a consensus on the range of the respondent stem; 4.To correlate advised judgments on a topic spanning a wide range of disciplines, and; 5. To educate the respondent host as to the diverse and interrelated asp viperects of the topic (p. 11). CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DELPHI TECHNIQUE The Delphi technique is swell up suited as a room and order for consensus-building by using a serial publication of questionnaires to collect entropy from a panel of selected subjects (Dalkey & Helmer, 1963; Dalkey, 1969; Linstone & Turoff, 1975; Lindeman, 1981; Martino, 1983; Young & Jamieson, 2001).Delphi, in bank line to diametrical data gathering and summary techniques, employs multiple closed circuits designed to Practical Ass essment, seek & Evaluation, Vol 12, No 10 Hsu & Sandford, Delphi technique develop a consensus of opinion concerning a specific topic. Ludwig (1994) indicates: Iterations refer to the feedback bear on. The extremity was viewed as a series of capture outs; in several(prenominal)ly band every participant worked through a questionnaire which was returned to the researcher who collected, edited, and returned to every participant a financial expressment of the position of the whole group and the participant’s own position.A sum of money of comments made all(prenominal) participant awake(predicate) of the range of opinions and the reasons underlying those opinions (p. 55). to a greater extent specifically, the feedback process allows and encourages the selected Delphi participants to reassess their initial judgments intimately the education provided in previous iterations. Thus, in a Delphi ingest, the sequels of previous iterations regarding specific sta tements and/or items asshole change or be change by man-to-man panel members in later iterations based on their great power to redirect examination and assess the comments and feedback provided by the other Delphi panelists.Other nonable characteristics constitutive(a) with using the Delphi technique argon the ability to provide anonymity to respondents, a controlled feedback process, and the suitability of a mannequin of statistical abridgment techniques to interpret the data (Dalkey, 1972; Ludlow, 1975; Douglas, 1983). These characteristics argon designed to offset the shortcomings of military forceed means of pussying opinions obtained from a group fundamental interaction (i. e. , influences of dominant individuals, noise, and group pressure for conformity) (Dalkey, 1972).One of the first-string characteristics and advantages of the Delphi process is subject anonymity which skunk reduce the set up of dominant individuals which frequently is a concern when using group-based processes holdd to collect and synthe surface of it instruction (Dalkey, 1972). Additionally, the issue of confidentiality is facilitated by geographic dispersion of the subjects as well as the use of electronic communication such as e-mail to solicit and exchange instruction.As such, certain downsides associated with group dynamics such as function or coercion to conform or adopt a certain standstill locoweed be minimized (Helmer & Rescher, 1959; Oh, 1974; Adams, 2001). Controlled feedback in the Delphi process is designed to reduce the effect of noise. Based upon Dalkey (1972), noise is that communication which occurs in a group process which two distorts the data and deals with group and/or individual interests kinda than focusing on riddle solving.As a result, the reading demonstrable from this pleasant of communication for the closely part consists of bias not related to the purposes of the contract. Basically, the controlled feedback process con sists of a well organized summary of the precedent iteration intentionally distributed to the subjects which allows each participant an prospect to generate additive insights and more than thoroughly clarify 2 the information developed by previous iterations.Through the operation of multiple iterations, subjects are straits judgment to become more problem-solving oriented, to offer their opinions more insightfully, and to minimize the effects of noise. Finally, the ability to use statistical analysis techniques is a cause which further reduces the authorization of group pressure for conformity (Dalkey, 1972). More specifically, statistical analysis fag end run across that opinions generated by each subject of a Delphi cartoon are well represented in the final iteration because, â€Å"at the end of the exercise there whitethorn still be a important spread in individual opinions” Dalkey, 1972, p. 21). That is, each subject would remove no pressure, each real or perceived, to conform to rough other participant’s rejoinders that whitethorn break from obedience to amicable norms, customs, organizational culture, or standing within a profession. The tools of statistical analysis allow for an objective and fair analysis and summarization of the collected data. THE DELPHI forge Theoretically, the Delphi process discount be endlessly iterated until consensus is determined to hold in been achieved.However, Cyphert and Gant (1971), Brooks (1979), Ludwig (1994, 1997), and Custer, Scarcella, and Stewart (1999) saddle out that triple iterations are a good deal ample to collect the postulate information and to reach a consensus in almost occurrences. The following discussion, however, provides guidelines for up to 4 iterations in order to assist those who decide to use the Delphi process as a data collection technique when it is determined that additional iterations beyond three are needed or valuable. sharpshoot 1: In the first pear-shaped, the Delphi process traditionally begins with an open-ended questionnaire.The open-ended questionnaire serves as the cornerstone of soliciting specific information virtually a pith area from the Delphi subjects (Custer, Scarcella, & Stewart, 1999). After receiving subjects’ responses, investigators need to commute the collected information into a well-structured questionnaire. This questionnaire is used as the survey instrument for the certify round of data collection. It should be tell that it is both an acceptable and a joint modification of the Delphi process format to use a structured questionnaire in en self-aggrandizing 1 that is based upon an extensive go off of the literature.Kerlinger (1973) remark that the use of a change Delphi process is earmark if basic information concerning the intention issue is available and usable. Round 2: In the second round, each Delphi participant receives a second questionnaire and is asked to review the items summarized by the investigators based on the information provided in the first round. Accordingly, Delphi panelists may be need to rate or â€Å"rank-order Practical Assessment, search & Evaluation, Vol 12, No 10 Hsu & Sandford, Delphi Technique items to establish preliminary priorities among items.As a result of round two, areas of disagreement and agreement are identified” (Ludwig, 1994, p. 54-55). In some cases, Delphi panelists are asked to state the rationale concerning rating priorities among items (Jacobs, 1996). In this round, consensus begins forming and the actual outcomes can be presented among the participants’ responses (Jacobs, 1996). 3 Rescher (1959), Klee (1972), and Oh (1974) concur that choosing individuals who are simply informal concerning the target issue is not sufficient nor recommended.Considering the necessity of selecting the most qualified individuals, Delbecq, Van de Ven, and Gustafson (1975) specifically state that th ree groups of deal are well qualified to be subjects of a Delphi study. The authors recommend: â€Å"(1) the top counsel decision makers who pull up stakes utilize the outcomes of the Delphi study; (2) the professional staff members together with their aver group; and (3) the respondents to the Delphi questionnaire whose judgments are being seek” (p. 85). Delphi subjects should be highly trained and capable within the specialized area of knowledge related to the target issue.Investigators need to well examine and seriously consider the qualifications of Delphi subjects. Oh (1974) indicates that choosing take into account subjects is chiefly based on the judgment and discretion of the pencil lead investigators. Jones and Twiss (1978) state that the principal investigators of a Delphi study should identify and select the most take into account individuals through a nomination process. Ludwig (1994) as well states that, â€Å"solicitation of nominations of cogniz e and respected individuals from the members within the target groups of experts was recommended” (p. 2). Generally, the pool of selecting possible Delphi subjects is likely to use positional leaders (Kaplan, 1971; Ludwig, 1994), to follow a review of authors of publications in the literature (Meyer, 1992; Miller, 2001), and/or to make contacts with those who have firsthand relationships with a item issue (Jones, 1975; Anderson & Schneider, 1993). The latter basically consists of individuals who are primary stakeholders with various interests related to the target issue or research effort.Concerning the appropriate number of subjects to involve in a Delphi study, Delbecq, Van de Ven, and Gustafson (1975) recommend that researchers should use the minimally sufficient number of subjects and should seek to depose the results through follow-up geographic expeditions. Ludwig (1994) notes that the number of experts used in a Delphi study is â€Å"generally determined by the number required to constitute a representative pooling of judgments and the information processing capability of the research team” (p. 52). However, what constitutes an optimal number of subjects in a Delphi study never reaches a consensus in the literature.Delbecq, Van de Ven, and Gustafson (1975) adumbrate that ten to fifteen subjects could be sufficient if the background of the Delphi subjects is homogeneous. In contrast, if various reference groups are tough in a Delphi study, more subjects are judge to Round 3: In the third round, each Delphi panelist receives a questionnaire that includes the items and ratings summarized by the investigators in the previous round and are asked to revise his/her judgments or â€Å"to localise the reasons for be outside the consensus” (Pfeiffer, 1968, p. 52). This round gives Delphi panelists an probability to make further clarifications of both the information and their judgments of the relative importance of the items. How ever, compared to the previous round, exactly a slight increase in the leg of consensus can be expected (Weaver, 1971; Dalkey & Rourke, 1972; Anglin, 1991; Jacobs, 1996). Round 4: In the one-fourth and often final round, the list of remaining items, their ratings, minority opinions, and items achieving consensus are distributed to the panelists.This round provides a final opportunity for participants to revise their judgments. It should be remembered that the number of Delphi iterations depends largely on the degree of consensus sought by the investigators and can go from three to five (Delbecq, Van de Ven, Gustafson, 1975; Ludwig, 1994). Subject Selection Regarding the pickax of subjects for a Delphi study, choosing the appropriate subjects is the most important step in the entire process because it directly relates to the role of the results generated (Judd, 1972; Taylor & Judd, 1989; Jacobs, 1996).Since the Delphi technique focuses on eliciting expert opinions ove r a short period of meter, the endurance of Delphi subjects is generally dependent upon the disciplinary areas of expertness required by the specific issue. Regarding all set standards of selecting Delphi subjects, there is, in fact, no exact criterion currently listed in the literature concerning the selection of Delphi participants. That is, â€Å"throughout the Delphi literature, the description of [Delphi subjects] has remained ambiguous” (Kaplan, 1971, p. 24).Regarding the criteria used to guide the selection of Delphi subjects, individuals are considered eligible to be invited to go into in a Delphi study if they have somewhat related backgrounds and experiences concerning the target issue, are capable of contributing helpful inputs, and are exiting to revise their initial or previous judgments for the purpose of reaching or attaining consensus (Pill, 1971; Oh, 1974). Helmer and Practical Assessment, enquiry & Evaluation, Vol 12, No 10 Hsu & Sandford, De lphi Technique be needed.Witkin and Altschuld (1995) note that the label sizing of a Delphi panel is generally under 50, but more have been employed. Ludwig (1997) documents that, â€Å"the majority of Delphi studies have used betwixt 15 and 20 respondents” (p. 2). In sum, the size of Delphi subjects is variable (Delbecq, Van de Ven, & Gustafson, 1975). If the seek size of a Delphi study is too small, these subjects may not be considered as having provided a representative pooling of judgments regarding the target issue.If the sample size is too large, the drawbacks inherent within the Delphi technique such as effectivenessly low response rates and the obligation of large squeezes of time by the respondents and the researcher(s) can be the result. Time Requirements Conducting a Delphi study can be time-consuming. Specifically, when the instrument of a Delphi study consists of a large number of statements, subjects will need to dedicate large blocks of time to comple te the questionnaires.Delbecq, Van de Ven, and Gustafson (1975), Ulschak (1983), and Ludwig, (1994) recommend that a minimum of 45 days for the memorial tablet of a Delphi study is necessary. With regard to the time management between iterations, Delbecq et al. (1975) note that big(p) two weeks for Delphi subjects to respond to each round is encouraged. Ludwig (1994) indicates, â€Å"a drawback to Delphi was that the questionnaire method may slake the process greatly as several days or weeks may pass between rounds” (p. 54).More specifically, since developing the instrument, collecting the data, and administering the questionnaire are interconnected between iterations, ensuring Delphi subjects respond to the investigators on time does in many shipway either promote or interdict the ability of the investigators in analyzing the data, developing a new instrument based upon the prior responses, and distributing subsequent questionnaires in a seasonably fashion. These are c hallenging aspects of conducting a Delphi study and do require proper planning and management. The use and prevalence of electronic technologies (i. e. e-mail, teleconferencing, and so forth ) may facilitate those who are enkindle in using the Delphi technique. Witkin and Altschuld (1995) note that electronic applied science provides an opportunity for individuals to more tardily employ the Delphi process by victorious advantages of, â€Å"(1) the storage, processing, and speed of transmission capabilities of computers; (2) the maintenance of respondent anonymity, and; (3) the potential for rapid feedback” (p. 204). Data synopsis Regarding data analysis, decision rules must be established to assemble and organize the judgments and insights provided by Delphi subjects.However, the kind and type 4 of criteria to use to both define and determine consensus in a Delphi study is subject to interpretation. Basically, consensus on a topic can be decided if a certain office of t he votes falls within a plus range (Miller, 2006). One criterion recommends that consensus is achieved by having 80 percent of subjects’ votes fall within two categories on a seven-point outperform (Ulschak, 1983). Green (1982) suggests that at least 70 percent of Delphi subjects need to rate three or higher on a four point Likert-type scale and the median has to be at 3. 5 or higher. Scheibe, Skutsch, and Schofer (1975) reveal that the use of percentage streaks is inadequate. They suggest that a more reliable alternative is to measure the stability of subjects’ responses in successive iterations. In the Delphi process, data analysis can involve both qualitative and quantitative data. Investigators need to deal with qualitative data if classic Delphi studies, which use open-ended questions to solicit subjects’ opinions, are conducted in the initial iteration.Subsequent iterations are to identify and hopefully achieve the want take of consensus as well as a ny changes of judgments among panelists. The major statistics used in Delphi studies are measures of central tendency (means, median, and mode) and level of dispersion (standard deviation and inter-quartile range) in order to present information concerning the collective judgments of respondents (Hasson, Keeney, & McKenna, 2000). Generally, the uses of median and mode are favored. However, in some cases, as manifested by Murray and Jarman (1987), the mean is as well workable.Witkin (1984) questions the appropriateness of using the mean to measure the subjects’ responses if scales used in Delphi studies are not delineated at equal intervals. In the literature, the use of median score, based on Likert-type scale, is strongly favored (Hill & Fowles, 1975; Eckman, 1983; Jacobs, 1996). As Jacobs (1996) states, â€Å"considering the anticipated consensus of opinion and the skewed expectation of responses as they were compiled, the median would inherently appear best su ited to reflect the resultant convergence of opinion” (p. 57).The use of mode is also suitable when reporting data in the Delphi process. Ludwig (1994) specifically addressed that â€Å"the Delphi process has a tendency to create convergence, and though this was ordinarily to a single point, there was the possibility of polarization or clustering of the results somewhat two or more points. In these instances, the mean or median could be misleading” (p. 57). CONSIDERING DELPHI SHORTCOMINGS AND WEAKNESSES potentiality of Low rejoinder Rates Due to the multiple feedback processes inherent and integral to the concept and use of the Delphi process, thePractical Assessment, question & Evaluation, Vol 12, No 10 Hsu & Sandford, Delphi Technique potential exists for low response rates and seek to maintain robust feedback can be a challenge. â€Å"In the Delphi technique, [poor response rate] is enlarge fourfold because a maximum of four surveys may be sent to t he akin panelists” (Witkin & Altschuld, 1995, p. 196). If a certain portion of the subjects block their responses during various stages of the Delphi process, the tint of information obtained could be discounted or at least critically scrutinized.As such, Ludwig (1994) specifically addresses subject motivation as the key to the successful implementation of a Delphi study and investigators need to play an brisk role in this area to help ensure as high a response rate as possible. enjoyment of Large Blocks of Time The Delphi technique can also be time-consuming and laborious. distant other data collection techniques such as the telephone survey and the face to face administration, which can be simultaneously conducted by a group of people and can be completed in a short period of time if the sample size is small, the Delphi technique is terative and sequential. As a result, the necessity of taking large block of time to successively complete a Delphi process is inesc apable. Ludwig (1994) indicates that, â€Å"a drawback to Delphi was that the questionnaire method may slow the process greatly as several days or weeks may pass between rounds” (p. 54). Optimally speaking, the iteration characteristics of the Delphi process provide the opportunities for investigators and subjects to improve the trueness of the results.In contrast, the same characteristic also increases the work load of investigators and the amount of time needed to successfully complete the data collection process (Cunliffe, 2002). Potential of Molding Opinions The iteration characteristics of the Delphi technique can potentially enable investigators to disgorge opinions (Altschuld, 2003). An experiment, conducted by Scheibe, Skutsch, and Schofer (1975), indicated that Delphi subjects would rate their responses differently later onwards receiving a distorted feedback.Dalkey and Helmer (1963) also noted that, â€Å"some ‘leading’ by the experimenters necess arily resulted from the selection of the information supplied” (p. 467). Moreover, Cyphert and Gant (1971) illustrated that a statement in their study was initially rated below average. However, Delphi subjects rated the statement above average after receiving false feedback. Therefore, Cyphert and Gant (1971) concluded that the Delphi technique could, â€Å"be used to mold opinion as well as to collect [data]” (p. 273).Indeed, â€Å" shrewd pressure to conform with group ratings” was one of the major drawbacks in the Delphi technique (Witkin & Altschuld, 1995, p. 188). Delphi investigators need to be cognizant, exercise caution, and implement the proper safeguards in dealing with this issue. 5 Potential of Identifying General Statements vs. Specific Topic cerebrate Information An assumption concerning Delphi participants is that they are equivalent weight in knowledge and experience (Altschuld & Thomas, 1991). However, this assumption might not be ju stified.More specifically, the expertise of Delphi panelists could be unevenly distributed, especially in the field of high engine room (Marchant, 1988; Altschuld & Thomas, 1991). â€Å" many panelists may have much more in-depth knowledge of certain topics, whereas other panelists are more knowledgeable about different topics” (Altschuld & Thomas, 1991, p. 187). Therefore, subjects who have less in-depth knowledge of certain topics are unable to specify the most important statements which have been identified by those subjects who possess in-depth knowledge concerning the target issue.The outcomes of a Delphi study could be the results of identifying a series of general statements rather than an in-depth exposition of the topic (Altschuld & Thomas, 1991). SUMMARY The Delphi technique provides those involved or interested in engaging in research, valuation, fact-finding, issue exploration, or discovering what is actually known or not known about a specific to pic a flexible and adaptable tool to gather and analyze the needed data. Subject selection and the time frames for conducting and completing a Delphi study are two areas which should be considered cautiously prior to initiating the study.The additional precautions concerning low response rates, unintentionally guiding feedback, and surveying panelists about their limited knowledge of the topic rather than soliciting their expert judgments should also be build into the design and implementation of the study. The Delphi technique has and will continue to be an important data collection methodology with a wide variety of coats and uses for people who want to gather information from those who are immersed and imbedded in the topic of interest and can provide real time and real-world knowledge. REFERENCES Adams, S. J. (2001).Projecting the next decade in synthetic rubber management: A Delphi technique study. nonrecreational Safety, 46 (10), 26-29. Altschuld, J. W. (2003). Delphi tech nique. Lecture, Applied evaluation design. The Ohio State University. Altschuld, J. W. , & Thomas, P. M. (1991). Considerations in the application of a modified scree test for Delphi survey data. Evaluation Review, 15 (2), 179-188. Practical Assessment, inquiry & Evaluation, Vol 12, No 10 Hsu & Sandford, Delphi Technique Anderson, D. H. , & Schneider, I. E. (1993). Using the Delphi process to identify significant recreation research-based innovations.Journal of park and amusement Administration, 11 (1), 25-36. Anglin, G. L. (1991). Instructional technology past, present and future. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited Inc. Brooks, K. W. (1979). Delphi technique: Expanding applications. North Central Association Quarterly, 54 (3), 377-385. Cunliffe, S. (2002). Forecasting risks in the tourism industriousness using the Delphi technique. Tourism, 50 (1), 31-41. Custer, R. L. , Scarcella, J. A. , & Stewart, B. R. (1999). The modified Delphi technique: A rotatio nal modification. Journal of vocational and Technical Education, 15 (2), 1-10.Cyphert, F. R. , & Gant, W. L. (1971). The Delphi technique: A case study. Phi Delta Kappan, 52, 272-273. Dalkey, N. C. (1969). An experimental study of group opinion. Futures, 1 (5), 408-426. Dalkey, N. C. (1972). The Delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion. In N. C. Dalkey, D. L. Rourke, R. Lewis, & D. Snyder (Eds. ). Studies in the quality of aliveness: Delphi and decision-making (pp. 13-54). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Dalkey, N. C. , & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9 (3), 458-467.Dalkey, N. C. , & Rourke, D. L. (1972). Experimental assessment of Delphi procedures with group mensurate judgments. In N. C. Dalkey, D. L. Rourke, R. Lewis, & D. Snyder (Eds. ). Studies in the quality of life: Delphi and decision-making (pp. 55-83). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Delbecq, A. L. , Van de Ven, A. H. , & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for program planning. 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Paper presented at the meeting of the 2006 annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Columbus, Ohio. Murray, W. F. , & Jarman, B. O. (1987). Predicting future trends in adult fittingness using the Delphi approach. Research Quarterly for apply and Sport, 58 (2), 124-131. Oh, K. H. (1974). Forecasting through hierarchal Delphi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Pill, J. (1971). The Delphi method: Substance, context, a critique and an annotated bibliography.Socio-Economic Planning Science, 5, 57-71. 7 Scheibe, M. , Skutsch, M. , & Schofer, J. (1975). Experiments in Delphi methodology. In H. A. Linstone, & M. Turoff (Eds. ). The Delphi method: Techniques and applications (pp. 262-287). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Taylor, R. E. , & Judd, L. L. (1989). Delphi method applied to tourism. In S. Witt, &# 038; L. Moutinho, (Eds. ). Tourism marketing and management handbook. New York: Prentice Hall. Turoff, M. , & Hiltz, S. R. (1996). Computer based Delphi process. In M. Adler, & E. Ziglio (Eds. ).Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi method and its application to cordial policy and public health (pp. 56-88). London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Ulschak, F. L. (1983). clement resource development: The theory and practice of need assessment. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, Inc. Weaver, W. T. (1971). The Delphi forecasting method. Phi Delta Kappan, 52 (5), 267-273. Witkin, B. R. (1984). Assessing needs in educational and social programs. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Witkin, B. R. , & Altschuld, J. W. (1995). Planning and conducting needs assessment: A practical guide.Thousand Oaks, CA: sage-green Publications, Inc. Young, S. J. , & Jamieson, L. M. (2001). Delivery methodology of the Delphi: A resemblance of two approaches. Journal of Park an d Recreation Administration, 19 (1), 42-58. Citation Hsu, Chia-Chien & Sandford, Brian A. (2007). The Delphi Technique: Making Sense of Consensus. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 12(10). Available online: http://pareonline. net/getvn. asp? v=12&n=10 Editors timber: Another paper on the Delphi Technique that appeared in Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation is: Yousuf, Muhammad Imran (2007).Using Experts’ Opinions through Delphi Technique. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 12(4). Available online: http://pareonline. net/getvn. asp? v=12&n=4 . Authors Chia-Chien Hsu Post-doctoral Studies The Ohio State University 393 Schrock Road Worthington, OH 43085 Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, Vol 12, No 10 Hsu & Sandford, Delphi Technique Tel: (614) 885-0763 e-mail: hsu. 127 [at] osu. edu Brian A. Sandford Assistant Professor 214 Willard Hall occupational Education Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklah oma 74074 405-744-3461 brian. sandford [at] okstate. edu 8\r\n'