A Transcultural free essay sample

As the world’s multi-cultural population increases, the significance of transcultural nursing in healthcare is strongly evident. Health care professionals are challenged by the need to understand the various cultural factors that influence a person’s response to health and illness and must develop attitudes and skills that will help them behave in culturally appropriate ways (Walsh DeJoseph, 2003). Transcultural nursing works as a formal education that equips nurses and other healthcare providers the knowledge regarding beliefs, values, and practices of different cultures in the society with the goal to produce a culturally competent practitioner, therefore, achieving patient satisfaction and positive outcomes (Leininger, 1999). The foundations for transcultural nursing had started with the purpose of compensating the complexities of healthcare needs of people belonging to different culture (Glittenberg, 2004; Tortumluoglu, 2006). Hence, knowing the unique behavioural patterns and lifestyles of a specific culture enables the provider to perform culturally congruent, holistic and appropriate healthcare service (Streltzer, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on A Transcultural or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Campinha-Bacote’s framework of cultural competence (2002) provides a thorough and comprehensible process for healthcare professional to become culturally competent. It guides healthcare practitioners in achieving the ability to effectively work within the context of the service users from a diverse cultural- ethnic background through keying out five essential components namely, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills, cultural encounter and cultural desire (Campinha-Bacote, 2011). Ryan, Carlton and Ali (2000) pointed out that the five constructs are functionally interdependent and must be covered. Entailing that one will be ineffective without the others, and similarly absence of one component gets unsatisfactory consequences. Imagine a six-stringed acoustic guitar, if one string is not in tune with the others, once you play it the resulting notes and chords are out of tune making a nuisance instead of music. When an individual is aware that people are different from one another in terms of personality, attitude and behaviour, partially because of their cultural beliefs or backgrounds, that person is culturally aware (Rew, Becker, Cookston, Khosropour Martinez, 2003). Moreover, The University of Michigan School of Nursing (2000) added that awareness and examination of one’s own beliefs is also an important component of this concept to avoid prejudices and biases when working with service users. However, ethnocentrism, which is defined in Oxford English Dictionary (2003) as  a  character which assumes that ones own group or belief is superior from the others, may weaken this construct. Awareness of this attitude would help health care provider in avoiding unjust service. Say, a Christian nurse was assigned to care for a dying atheist patient. She believes that death means going to heaven or hell, while her patient may believe that death simply means ceasing to exist. Despite of these differences of beliefs, her job to provide excellent care for the patient and ensuring that his needs are met were not faltered (pricklypear, personal communication, April 08, 2006). Though, somehow findings from studies conducted by Rew et al (2003) point that conscious awareness of cultural diversity does not guarantee cultural competence. Nurses and other health care providers need a solid knowledge about a variety of populations, culture- specific phenomena (e. . , social support), and human responses to diversity to better understand their client (Meleis, 1996). In acquiring this knowledge, healthcare practitioners must concentrate on three specific issues: health-related beliefs, practices and cultural values; disease incidence and prevalence (Lavizzo-Mourey, 1996). Getting cultural knowledge about the patient’s health-related be liefs and values involves understanding their worldview which justifies how he interprets his illness and how it guides his thinking, doing, and being (Campinha- Bacote, 2002). A concrete example is of an old Filipino faith healer who never consulted any clinician to diagnose the pain sensation he feels during urination. He believed that, it was spiritual opposition who inflicted the pain. Knowledge relating to the field of bio cultural ecology is also important when addressing disease incidence and prevalence among ethnic groups, This involves having accurate epidemiological data to guide decisions about treatment and treatment programs, health education, and screening in order to attain positive health care outcomes (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). Therefore, a promising cultural competent nurse must be updated of current research studies conducted, and likewise initiating some research work himself. In incurring cultural knowledge, one should always remember that every individual is a unique blend of the variety found within each culture, an incomparable collection of life experiences, and the product of acculturation to other cultures (Capinha-Bacote, 2002). Thus, it is very vital that every health care provider develops the skill to culturally assess every client that will come to their care. This requires sensitivity and more in-depth studying of cultures and sub-cultures (Meleis, 1996). The third component of Campinha-Bacote’s model of cultural competence (2002) is cultural skill. It is the capability to carry on a cultural assessment by gathering cultural data relevant to the patient’s presenting problem, at the same time conducting a culturally-based physical assessment accurately (Tortumluoglu, 2006 Campinha-Bacote, 2011). According to the author, this construct plays a substantial part in planning nursing care for an individual. Data gathered during assessment, especially in initial screening interview serves as the basis or guide in establishing a plan of care for the client. During this crucial process the health care provider should be aware how a client’s physical, biological, and physiological changes affect his/her ability to conduct an accurate and appropriate physical evaluation. Particularly, differences in body structure, skin colour, and visible physical characteristics, (Capinha-Bacote, 2002). For instance, a well known man from a wealthy family came to an Out-Patient service, the nurse who is doing the screening was aware of the patient’s elite background, might get intimidated and may cause inaccurate assessment. Next, is cultural encounter; the process which encourages the health care provider to immerse himself to various cultural interactions with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds (Tortumluoglu, 2006). Cultural encounter may be experienced on real situation and through simulation or role playing (Shearer Davidhizar, 2003; Walsh DeJoseph, 2003). Both, aid in modifying existing beliefs about a cultural group and prevent possible stereotyping. However, the author identified one obstacle that may encounter in this process specifically during assessment stage, which involves the language barrier between the care provider and the service user. This is especially possible if both came from different country of origin. The use of formally trained interpreter is strongly recommended if this situation occurs to avoid faulty data collection (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). Finally, the fifth component of this model is cultural desire. This is the most crucial construct, since without desire, cultural awareness, knowledge, skills and encounters will not be gladly experienced. Cultural desire is a genuine passion and a commitment to become culturally competent health care provider ( Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Therefore, it is safe to say that every health care provider must be driven by cultural desire for this is the heart and soul of cultural competence. In fact, the author strongly believes that this passion and unaltered commitment must be the fundamental construct of all the transcultural nursing models. Campinha-Bacotes model embraces the experiential-phenomenological perspective. It supports the client as teacher of his culture and the clinician as learner. Furthermore, it recognises that culture is dynamic and always changing and there is more variation within a culture than among different cultures (Brathwaite, 2003). Although Campinha-Bacote’s Cultural Competent model may  have a strong track record of effectiveness (Carol, 2007; Rew et al; Tortumluoglu, 2006),   yet it is encouraged to spend time in research and evaluate the various models of transcultural nursing to determine which one is best for a particular client, organization or situation. Cultural competence recognizes the broad scope of the dimensions that influence an Individual’s personal identity. Within the behavioural health system (which addresses mental illnesses), cultural competence must be a guiding principle, so that services are culturally sensitive and culturally appropriate prevention, outreach, assessment and intervention are provided (Stanhope, Solomon, Pernell-Arnold, Sands Bourjolly, 2005) . This will be indicated in the following case. A 37 years old Irish, male, single, and a traveller from Northern Ireland was admitted for schizophrenia with retrograde amnesia in the nursing home. The client was referred by a social worker and was assessed by one of the nurses on duty. The nurse noted that patient’s posture was quite slouch and has a good bearing. He wore clean and neat clothing appropriate for the weather. He was groomed plain and simple. His hair well combed. However, his nails were untrimmed both on hands and feet. The nurse noted the lesions and skin rashes on the client’s right foot and observed that he moved slowly during ambulation. Further, there were times that he looks straight in the eyes when questioned and when he answered, he glanced on the other people around him. The client was monosyllabic in communicating and was unable to recall long term memories. He also looked disturbed and preoccupied at all times. During his first week in the institution, the client was noted to be unsociable. He preferred to stay inside his room and would just go out during meal time to join the other clients in the dining area. On one occasion, the carer had attempted to engage in a conversation with him. She found out that the client can’t recall anything from his past including his childhood, his family or where he lived before. He can’t even recall the number of the family members and the person he was in contact with prior to his admission in the institution. Though he stated that his birthday falls on January 13, he can’t remember the exact year. Surprisingly, he was able to recall what he had for breakfast and lunch. It was also noticed that the patient has slight awareness of being sick and needing but denting it at the same time. He is aware that he is sick but he’s trying to blame it to others. Like when asked why he is in the institution on one interaction, he answered that his friends sent him there because of misconceptions. According to him he’s not guilty of any wrong doing and denied all the accusations on him. In addition, it was noted that the patient has some problems on impulse control. At times he showed hostile, aggressive and sexual tendencies towards the staff and to the other clients. In view of the above circumstance, The â€Å"Cultural Competence† model of Campinha-Bacote(2002), offers the nursing staff the framework for rendering culturally relevant care to the culturally and behaviourally diverse psychiatric client. Initially, upon the client’s admission, general data of the client such as general appearance, ethnicity, gender, age, hobbies or work, disability, orientation and memory impairment was gathered. The cultural challenge seen at this stage was first the different cultural background the client represents. Accurate knowledge concerning language, clothing and patient’s cultural, religious, or spiritual beliefs or practices that influence care must be obtained in order to perform culturally appropriate service (Streltzer, 2008). Tseng and Streltzer (2004) stressed that language is one tool through which culture expressed. Through language, a person communicates underlying conceptions, values, and attitudes that can be very different among different cultural systems. Comprehending another person’s culture through his language can be therefore quite challenging, particularly when that language is very different from one’s own but with genuine interest and remaining nonjudgmental, probability of gathering relevant information will be assured. Another challenge noted was the diagnosed condition of the patient. Lack of understanding about Schizophrenia may pose a great problem to the nursing staff in this case. This disorder is identified with complex characteristics according to type. Basically, people with schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality, often a significant loss  of contact with reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in strange or confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched (Smith Segal, 2011). Obtaining cultural awareness pertained to this disorder must be consolidated among the management and staff. Like what Campinha-Bacote, (2002b) emphasized that cultural skill involves the ability to collect relevant cultural information about the patient’s history and presenting problems. Legally accessing patient’s records of past health, social, and environmental history is positively beneficial. Finally, the greatest challenge identified in this case is the client’s unusual behaviour and psychomotor activity. People with schizophrenia tend to have unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses. They may exhibit behaviours that appear bizarre and purposeless. Sometimes they lack of inhibition and impulse control which may pose danger to themselves, and to people around them. Moreover, apparent social withdrawal which usually manifests through inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions is common (Campinha-Bacote, 2002b). Cultural encounters may be difficult and uncomfortable at times, especially encounters with abnormal behaviours due to fear and diffidence. Good intentions and the nonverbal communication style of a psychiatric nurse can sometimes be interpreted as offensive and insulting to a specific cultural group. The psychiatric nurse must become more sensitive to the meaning of a culture’s nonverbal communication, such as eye contact, facial expressions, and use of touch, body language, and distancing practices when engaging in cross-cultural encounters (Current Nursing, 2011 Peterson, 2004). She must identify feelings that lead to patient’s poor social interaction. If client is unable to respond verbally or in a coherent manner, spending frequent short periods with client might be good start. Structuring times each day for brief interactions and activities with client on one-on-one basis is likewise helpful. These activities should work at the client’s pace and ability. Examples are looking through family pictures, watching TV, drawing or painting and other recreational activities that would enhance client’s attention and engagement (Tseng and Streltzer, 2004). To sum it up, this culturally-related aspects of care in the client and there accompanying challenges won’t be addressed and overcome respectively, if cultural competency is not learned and demonstrated. A cultural desire must be developed and surged in each health care provider to effectively furnish the unmet, culturally-related needs of the client. Cultural desire is the motivation of the psychiatric nurse to â€Å"want to† engage in this uncomfortable situation. Carrying out all the planned care with the passion and humility to accept and respect differences, and be willing to learn from different world (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). With the increase in diversity in an ever-changing society and the escalating need for nurses to be educated and skilled in transcultural nursing, every opportunity that would contribute to development of cultural competence should be seized. In conclusion, transcultural nursing was designed to equip and empower every carer, nurse, and any health care provider to embrace the challenges and hindrances that diverse cultures bear. Campinha-Bacote’s cultural competence model is one of the few effective tools suggested to utilize in whatever situation a service provider is in, may it be in clinical or mental health setting.

JFK as Irish Catholic essays

JFK as Irish Catholic essays The racial identity and racial formation of the Irish is rooted back to the English conquest and hostility toward Catholicism. The Irish were deemed savages, a social group that did not know how to use land properly. Many had fled from Ireland due to oppression and loss of land. The Irish were not accepted socially as being white. The Irish were able to politically use the socially accepted racial identity, whiteness, to overcome ethnic discrimination. The Irish used to be the object of race riots, in which along with the blacks they would be lynched. By politically changing how the pubic identified who they were, they were able to escape this oppression. The Irish Americans were becoming a powerful economic and political group and because of this their racial distinctions soon became less evident. The Irish Americans who were once classified as Celts, were now of Caucasian fold. By being racially classified as Caucasian the Irish Americans would find that their would be a lot more political and economic opportunities. The ethnic group that was once racially personified as being lazy, self-indulgent and vain now hold prominent figures in all aspects of society. The Irish were able to challenge the Irish race designation, an gain a new social respect by racially being labeled Caucasian. Unfortunately race will forever play a dominant role within the social aspect of American culture. Collectively as a society it is important that we eliminate prejudice and discrimination as diversity has become a central aspect of our culture. We will however never reach equality unless the dominance and superiority that underlies whiteness within our culture is erased. The idea of racially categorizing certain individuals as being white is a fallacy. America invented this ethnicity as a means to control who has political and econ ...

Shakespeare as an Author Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespeare as an Author - Essay Example [Thesis statement]: His tragedies may be interpreted as true depictions of human nature and emotions. One can learn through his plays how deep and complex human emotions are and what great impact they have on our decision-making and judgment abilities. He constructed his tragedies on seemingly small and base human emotions like jealousy, ambitiousness, and procrastination that render great errors of judgment on the part of the protagonists, thus triggering their downfall. Through his tragedies, he not only painted the social, political and intellectual mindset of 16th century England; but also enriched English Literature by breathing life into his characters with his originality and creativity. Shakespeare was a versatile playwright as he wrote tragedies, romantic comedies, and historical plays-- each type speaking of his imagination. Among his most famous tragedies are Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet, and King Lear. His tragedies revolve around the error of judgment that his tragic-heroes make: Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet and King Lear are all men of distinction. Shakespeare handles each character differently and illustrates how the tragic flaws of the tragic heroes change their lives forever. He handles his comedies equally well and deals with different themes about the lighter side of life in his plays like, love and personal relationships. However, â€Å"†¦these are not the only ideas implicit in the comedies; Shakespeare was also concerned with time, destiny, and patience, with old age and youth, with the individual and society, with ignorance and knowledge, confidence and melancholy, with contrasts between love and friendship, nature and art, justice and mercy.† (Brown, 160-161)

Literature for Research - Impact of diabetes among the lebanese Essay

Literature for Research - Impact of diabetes among the lebanese community in sydney - Essay Example In 2004-05, 3.6% of the Australian population, approximately 700,000 persons, reported that they had diabetes. This figure has gone up. The estimated number of Australians with diabetes will be 1.23 million by the year 2010. Statistics show that the prevalence of diabetes is higher among people born overseas compared with people born in Australia (AIHW 2003). ABS data shows that in 2004-05, among persons born overseas, rates of diabetes were highest for persons born in Southern and Central Asia (8.7%), North Africa and the Middle East (6.6%), South East Asia (5.7%) and Southern and Eastern Europe (4.9%) (after adjusting for age differences). By comparison, the rate of diabetes for persons born in Australia was 3.3% (ABS 2006). The increasing cases of diabetes amongst Lebanese people are also a cause of worry. Sydney is host to a large number of Lebanese people, migrated to the country, hence the city, in search of better job opportunities living standards. There are many studies indicating increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in these families. These have been ascribed to hereditary factors, food habits, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and increased consanguinity over many generations (Abou-Daoud, 1969). Acculturation is a social phenomenon where family values tend to play important roles, and social and cultural factors related to the immigrant race determine the patterns of acceptance or resistance of newer cultural norms (Bhugra, 2004). This means community, family and social life will have an important impact of the disease on the family and quality of life of the individual (Dept Human Services (Vic), 2004). Diabetes in any population is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, economic , cultural, and social impacts on the person, family, relations, and the community (Zalloua, 2003). Therefore exploration into these factors can discover the qualitative indicators that are

Production and Trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Production and Trade - Assignment Example It is therefore apparent that an economy that lacks adequate financial institutions such as in the developing economies suffers from low savings rate, which in turn leads to low investment hence slow economic growth. Financial institutions also help in reducing poverty traps such as reduction of the information cost that may reduce the level of business investment and furthering slowing economic growth. Developing countries experience low economic growth due to lower rate of investment attributed by low savings and high cost of information. Financial institutions are very significant in economic development especially to people who utilize them well. It can be argued that developing economies experience slow economic growth contributed by lack of proper financial institution’s framework and political interference with the financial systems. However, if the rule, regulations and independency of these financial institutions can be addressed, they can greatly speed up economic growth in the developing countries. Financial institutions undergo serious challenges in economically repressed areas since low income earners do not normally save. This therefore inhibits growth of the financial institutions and further minimizes investments hence low economic

Role of Serotonin in Anxiety Disorders

Role of Serotonin in Anxiety Disorders Introduction Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is amonoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived fromtryptophan, is a chemical produced by the body that acts on the nervous system playing a crucial role in numerous pathological conditions and physiological processes. Its highest concentrations are in regions of the brain called the hypothalamus and the midbrain. Anxiety is an unpleasant state of inner turmoil manifesting itself through feelings of worry, dread, nervousness and unease leading to the individual suffering from anxiety becoming withdrawn. Mood, sleep, impulse control, eating, vigilance, libido, and cognitive functions, such as memory and learning are all regulated by serotonin neurotransmission. Serotonin is also essential in the regulation of anxiety and fear, as well as impulsiveness in violent acts and suicide (Akimova et al.,2009). There is great scientific interest on the role of serotonin in mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. Anxiety is not simply an excess, depletion or efficacy of serotonin because according to data obtained this understanding would leave to many contradictions in its wake. It is postulated that the serotonergic projections located at the brainstem modulate different coping responses to acute aversive events. Events detected by visual, auditory or olfactory stimuli, evoke preparatory autonomic and motor responses, which form the central motive state of fear or anticipatory anxiety. During the anticipation of threat, animals display the fight-flight responses mediated by neuronal projections from the DRN. (JFW Deakin., 1998) The brainstem, at the level of the superior and inferior colliculi is one of the fundamental neurological regions of significance in anxiety. A system of grey matter is contained within this area surrounding the cerebral aqueduct and also the IVth and IIIrd ventricles connected to the cerebral aqueduct. Extending ventrally in the middle or raphe of the brainstem and lying embedded within the ventral periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) are the two main groups of neurones containing serotonin. Extensive branching axons are sent from the raphe nuclei by the serotonergic cells, to innervate all parts of the forebrain. The dorsal raphe core (DRN) innervates dopaminergic structures, for example, the corpus striatum and frontal cortex, both included with motor exercises. The median raphe nucleus(MRN) then innervates regions of the brain involved in the processing of memories and sensory information, for instance the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe. It is proposed that these serotonergic projections regulate diverse coping reactions to chronic and acute aversive events. Acute events may be subdivided into distal and proximal events, according to how urgent the danger is. A threat becomes chronic if the proximal and distal defence mechanisms fail to either avoid or terminate it. Behavioural adaptation is elicited by repeated and chronic stress according to evidence. There are brain mechanisms which allow normal behaviours to emerge in the face of chronic adversity, and it has been suggested that such resilience is mediated by projections of the MRN [4]. When this system fails to respond, depression and anxiety is the result. Out of total of 14 different serotonin receptors the one most frequently studied for its relationship with anxiety is the 5-HT1A receptor, and is suggested to have a vital role in the etiology of anxiety disorders, this suggestion is fortified by the fact that partial 5-HT1A receptor agonists are anxiolytics (Akimova et al.,2009). The treatment of anxiety has to take account of the complexity of the serotonergic system. There are widely differentiated anatomical pathways associated with a variety of receptor subtypes (Deakin., 1998). The anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) enables the treatment of both major depression and anxiety. (Sekiyama et al., 2013). The neurobiology of anxiety is substantially impacted by the serotonin system and particularly the 5-HT1A receptor evident from clinical and preclinical clinical research, including pharmacological trials, genetic studies and neuroimaging. However the serotonin system is also influenced by many other neurotransmitters and also affects these structures which are crucial for the expression and processing of anxiety (Coplan et al., 1998). Animal studies carried out by N.Santana et al, M.amargos-bosch et al, and MV.puig et al showed regulatory effects of the 5-HT1A receptor on GABAergic, glutamatergic ,and dopaminergic neurons, particularly within limbic and prefrontal cortex areas. There is a lack of human studies investigating the effects of 5-HT1A receptor activation on other neurotransmitter systems. Inherent problems of reproducing typical human stressful experiences in animal tests presents limitations in the use of mice as test subject’s in direct methodological and intersp ecies comparisons. To link results of 5-HT1A transgenic mice with clinical data compellingly it is crucial to carry out systematic multimodal studies in primates. A causal model of the influence of 5-HT1A in the etiology of anxiety disorders may be found in primates through the use of a combination of approaches with investigations of environmental risk factors such as stress and genetic polymorphisms in the serotonergic system. Anxiety disorders may be defined as biologically heterogeneous conditions influenced by environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors. Autonomic activation and intense unconditioned escape behaviour even in the absence of an imminent threat, in panic disorders can be caused by neuronal instability in the brains fight-flight mechanism. In anticipatory anxiety and in the pathogenesis of generalised anxiety disorders, it has been suggested by experimental evidence that excessive and inappropriate activation of DRN-5-HT2 pathways plays a crucial role. Anxiolytic drugs have been shown to decrease functioning in this system and experimental studies in volunteers show that 5-HT2 blockers and 5-HT2 agonists have the predicted effect on conditioned anxiety. Impaired 5-HT1A receptor function and depression appears to have a direct relationship. Through modification of memory mechanisms normal behaviour becomes possible in the face of chronic adversity due to contributions to resilience, by projections from the MRN to 5-HT1A receptors in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe. When this defence fails the result is depression and/or anxiety. Thus it can be said that the disregulation of 5-HT1A receptors although evidently an important factor in anxiety disorders, cannot be said to be the primary factor in anxiety, however the role of the serotonin system in anxiety disorders can possibly be adaptive rather than pathogenic. Only by understanding the role of different serotonin projections and receptors in orchestration of psychological defences against various kinds of aversion can it be said that a coherent account of the role of serotonin in anxiety and depression is possible. authors year of publication title of journal article Asha S and Vidyavathi M. (2010) Role of human liver microsomes in in vitro metabolism of drugs – a review. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 160 (6): 1699-1722. volume issue page range journal title number number References 1  Deakin JFW. (1998) The role of serotonin in depression and anxiety. European psychiatry  13 (2): 57s-63s 2  E. Akimova, R. Lanzenberger, and S. Kasper. (2009) The Serotonin-1A Receptor in Anxiety Disorders Biological psychiatry 66 (1): 627– 635 3.  Deakin JFW, Pennell I, Upadhyaya AK, Lofthouse R. A neuroendocrine study of 5HT function in depression: evidence for biological mechanisms of endogenous and psychosocial causation. Psychophology 1990 ; 4 : 357-60 4.  Hetem LAB, de Souza CJ, Guimaraes FS, Zuardi AW, Graeff FG.  Effect of d-fenfluramine on human experimental anxiety. Psychopharmacology  1996 ; 127 : 276-82 5.  Zuardi AW, Cosme RA, Graeff FG, Guimaraes FS. Effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol on human experimental anxiety. J Psychopharmacology 1993 ; 7 : 82-8 6.  Delgado PL, Charney DS, Price LH, Aghajanian GK, Landis H, Heninger GR. Serotonin function and the mechanism of antidepressant action. Arch Gen Psychiat D, 1990 ; 47 : 411-18 7.  Kennett GA, Dickinson S, Curzon G. Antidepressant-like action of some 5-HT dependent behavioural responses following repeated immobilization in rats. Brain Res 1985 ; 330 : 253-63 8.  Coplan JD, Lydiard RB (1998): Brain circuits in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry  44:1264 –1276. 9.  Santana N, Bortolozzi A, Serrats J,MengodG, Artigas F (2004): Expression of  serotonin1A and serotonin2A receptors in pyramidal and GABAergic neurons  of the rat prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 14:1100–1109. 10.  Santana N, Bortolozzi A, Serrats J,MengodG, Artigas F (2004): Expression of  serotonin1A and serotonin2A receptors in pyramidal and GABAergic neurons  of the rat prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 14:1100–1109. 11.  Amargos-Bosch M, Bortolozzi A, Puig MV, Serrats J, Adell A, Celada P, et  al. (2004): Co-expression and in vivo interaction of serotonin1A and  serotonin2A receptors in pyramidal neurons of prefrontal cortex. Cereb  Cortex 14:281–299. 12.  Ã‚  Puig MV, Artigas F, Celada P (2005): Modulation of the activity of pyramidal  neurons in rat prefrontal cortex by raphe stimulation in vivo:  Involvement of serotonin and GABA. Cereb Cortex 15:1–14.

A History of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden :: Essays Papers

A History of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Growing from its humble beginnings as an ash dump in the late 1800's, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has come to represent today the very best in urban gardening and horticultural display. The Brooklyn Botanical Garden blooms in the middle of one of the largest cities in the world. Each year more than 750,000 people visit the well-manicured formal and informal gardens that are a testament to nature's vitality amidst urban brick and concrete. More than 12,000 kinds of plants from around the globe are displayed on 52 acres and in the acclaimed Steinhardt Conservatory. There's always something new to see. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers a variety of public programs all year long. Tours, concerts, dance performances and symposia are always on the roster, as well as special one-time events that feature elements of the Garden at their peak. Each spring the Brooklyn Botanic Garden celebrates the flowering of the Japanese Cherry Trees with our annual Sakura Matsuri (Cherry Blossom Festi val), and each fall is spiced up with our multicultural Chili Pepper FiestaA few of the "Many Gardens within a Garden" include the Children's Garden, tended each year by about 450 kids, ages 3 through 18; The Cranford Rose Garden, exhibiting more than 5,000 bushes of nearly 1,200 varieties; The Herb Garden, with more than 300 varieties -- "herbing" is apparently taking the country by storm as people rediscover medicinal, culinary, and other uses; and The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden, a beautiful creation featuring a Viewing Pavilion, Waiting House, Torri, shrines, bridges, stone lanterns, waterfalls, pond, and miniaturized landscape. About half of the BBG's 52 acres is devoted to the Systematic Collections: trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants arranged to show their evolutionary progression. Visitors will also enjoy the Conifer Collection, Daffodil Hill, Oriental Flowering Cherries, and other special collections. The Steinhardt Conservatory The Steinhardt Conservatory is a $25 million complex holding BBG's extensive indoor collection in realistic environments that simulate a range of global habitats. The Tropical Pavilion, 65 feet high, re-creates a rain forest complete with a waterfall and streams. Flora from the Amazon Basin, African Rain Forest, and tropical eastern Asia thrive here. The Helen Mattin Warm Temperate Pavilion houses plants from central China, the Mediterranean, Australasia, southern Africa, and the western U.

Autism – General Overview of Autism

General Overview of Autism What is Autism? Autism is defined as a disorder of early development that causes severe problems in thinking, communicating with others, and feeling a part of the outside world (Autism 2009). A person diagnosed with autism has a brain abnormality that affects normal brain function (Nordquist 2009). Most diagnoses of autism are usually never the same, even though, the symptoms are generally similar. Autism must not be confused with childhood schizophrenia or mental retardation, though the actions of children with these circumstances are sometimes related to that of autistic children (Autism 2009).Autism prevents children from developing normal social relationships, even with their parents (Autism 2009). Infants and Autism Autism is generally not diagnosed until two or three years old, but there is an extremely controversial argument on whether or not it could be diagnosed in infants. According to Canadian researchers, they could already see signs and symptom s of autism in infants at approximately six months old (Boyles 2005). The researchers believe that the infant is already predisposed with abnormal brain development inside their mother’s womb.The infants that Canadian researchers experimented were only limited to families that already had an older child born with autism (Boyles 2005). According to research conducted in an article of Developmental Psychology, it is not possible to diagnose and infant with autism (Charman et al. ,1997). The researchers conducted a study on thirty eight boys, separated into three different groups: Autism Risk Group, Developmental Delay Group, and Normal Group. The studies were based upon four different criteria: Empathy, Pretend Play, Joint Attention, and Imitation (Charman et al. 1997). Based on their results, it was not evident t to say whether or not a child could be diagnosed with Autism. This based upon the findings that children in the autism group and children in the developmental delay g roup were indistinguishable and the scorings were far too similar (Charman et al. , 1997) In another study conducted by Dalery et al. , they compared young children and infants who were clinically diagnosed with autism or developmental delay (DD).The researchers were trying to differentiate whether the existence of symptoms of autism making it possible to be a different developmental disorder and whether or not the symptoms increase with age (Dalery et al. 2006). In the results from children under 26 months, the findings were insignificant and eerily similar to the experiment conducted by Chairman et al. They were unable to determine if the clear signs of developmental delay or autism were definite (Dalery et al. 2006). Symptoms of Autism Children diagnosed with Autism act differently from one another and no two autistic children have the same symptoms or act the same (CDC 2007).Children with Autism have severe impairments with social, emotional, and communication skills. Some have difficulty accomplishing everyday tasks and have to maintain a consistent day to day routine (CDC 2007). A symptom of autism that affects many autistic children is they have an intricate time holding a conversation. Thus, they tend to have a hard time making friends because of this impairment (CDC 2007). Another symptom of autism is repetitive behavior. This causes a stimulating effect on the child (CDC 2007). For example, a child may consistently rock back and forth, or flip the pages of a book over and over again.Autistic children have a difficult time managing in an everyday life. Once a child is diagnosed with autism, (usually between the ages of 2-4), it stays with them for the remainder of their lives (CDC 2007). With the various symptoms of autism, repetitive behavior seems to be the most consistent symptom that is distinguishable in almost all autistic patients (Gray et al. 1995). To determine whether or not this is true, research was conducted in Australia. The researchers wanted to determine if repetitive behavior was a distinguishable sign of autism in children less than 51 months.Since there are many different types of repetitive behavior, the different types were classified into two categories: higher and lower levels of repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). According to Gray et al. , higher level repetitive behavior is highly consistent with autistic children under the age of 51 months. Low level repetitive behavior was not a direct diagnosis with autism. A significant number of children with other developmental delay disorders often demonstrated aspects of lower level repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). Autism and Public SchoolingWhen a parents makes the decision to enroll their autistic child into public school, it is often a difficult decision. Sometimes the decision is made because the parent does not have the means to send their child to a school specialized for autistic children. Other times it is because many autistic designed school s only accept unique or extreme cases and their child do not meet the requirements (Rudy 2009). Even though a public school is required to give adequate education to a child with a learning disability, how does the parent know what is adequate to the teacher (Rudy 2009)?A positive aspect of public schools is that children with autism can interact with normal developing peers. Researchers argue that this type of interaction may â€Å"provide opportunities for building relationships and developing social and communicative behaviors, in response both to the demands made by mainstream peers and the modeling their behavior provides (Whitaker 2004). † In a study conducted by Whitaker, the mainstream peers developed a routine with the autistic children. The mainstream peers seemed to understand and learn the routines of the autistic peer.Whether or not the autistic child received any awareness or pleasure from this type of interaction was harder to detect, even though they appeared to be enjoying themselves (Whitaker 2004). Parents of Children with Autism It is devastating for a parent to learn that their child has a severe health problem or developmental disability (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). The first question that arises is, â€Å"How can we cure it? †, but autism is not â€Å"curable†. In the beginning, parents often find some kind of support to help them cope with the discovery or having an autistic child.They also need to educate themselves as much as possible and decide what is best for the child (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). D. E. Gray conducts a study to see how parents of autistic children cope with their child’s illness over time. Between 1988 and 1990, he begins his study and the sample included 28 parents of autistic children. In the beginning, parents used 51 different methods to cope with the discovery of their child’s illness. D. E. Gray followed-up with these parents 8-12 years later and the method s parents used decreased dramatically to 27.Parents learned to cope with their child’s autism throughout time. Maybe this was due to the fact that the child had become less disruptive and was more orderly in their habits (D. E. Gray 2006). It also may have been due to the fact that their children were enrolled in special schools (only one was enrolled in public schools). In the beginning, parents still had to adapt to the changes in their environment and with their child. As their emotional distress decreased, so did their need for emotional support (D. E. Gray 2006). ConclusionWhile the causes of autism remain a great mystery, one fact is certain: Autism affects every area of learning throughout the child‘s life. Until research on autism provides more information about how autism affects the human brain, children and their parents who are affected will be unable to understand and fully deal with this disability. It is only with more information that we will learn the b est approach to teach autistic children and tackle this disability head on.

Examine how Operational managers are responsible for dealing with daily routine activities and problems The WritePass Journal

Examine how Operational managers are responsible for dealing with daily routine activities and problems 1 Introduction Examine how Operational managers are responsible for dealing with daily routine activities and problems 1 Introduction2 What is Operation ManagementThe input and output process2.1 Example of Inputs2.2 Transformation Process2.3 Example of Outputs3 The role of Operation ManagementTransformation and feedback process3.1 Operations Management DecisionsOperations Management Decisions for Niger WafersThe relationship between strategic and tactical decisions4 Hotel Operation Management4.1Differences and similarities between a Budget Hotel and a Luxury Hotel5. ConclusionReferencesJournalsRelated 1 Introduction It is quite often difficult to directly apply operational management results to real-world scenarios and this give managers the reason to move away from such practices that are derived from traditional speculative results. The purpose of the report is to contrast and compare the differences and similarities between a Budget Hotel and a Luxury Hotel employing the five elements which are the major concern of operations management which are cost, quality, speed flexibility and dependability. Operational managers in an organisation are responsible for dealing with daily routine activities and problems. They are often the point of contact with the customers and involve in daily decision making regarding the business process. Operational managers often know who the customers are and what they often require. For this reason alone an evaluation of the principle theories and techniques in the area of operational management will be carried out after which an analysis of practical operations management situations in the context of real life will be made as well as suggestion of appropriate, workable management solutions. 2 What is Operation Management The way organisations produce goods and services to their customers is known as operations management. Most of the things we wear, buy, borrowed, eat, sit on, used or read and even healing we received in the hospital are produced by somebody. Performing an operation involves the transformation or conversion of certain group of resource like inputs into goods and services   and outputs. Those input resources could be raw materials, raw data, and information or can be the customers of a business. The resources that are inputs goes through a transformation stages before they become goods and services through other transformation resources which are the services and personnel of the operation. (Rev. A, 1999) Another article written by Wiley.com (1999) defined operations management as â€Å"Those   business functions applied to plan, organise, coordinate, and control the resources that required in the production of the goods and services of the company. Operations management is classified as the function of management. It entails the management of, equipment, people, technology, information, and several other resources. Operations management is the vital nervous system or unique function of every company. This is a fact that is noticeable no matter the size of the company and can provide substantial good or service which are rendered   for profit or non-profit.† (Wiley, 1999) The input and output process   Fig1. Source: Introduction to Operations Management by Rev. A. (1999) 2.1 Example of Inputs Raw materials: An clear example of raw material is a shoe maker that takes some leather, cuts it into sizes, sew it together and puts the sole and heel on, then polish the product pending the production of a piece of footwear. Information: A typical example of information is where an officer in the tourist office collects and presents information to those that are going on holiday and assisting and giveing them advice about where to stay. Customers: When   travelling , passengers are one of the numerous resources at the airport that are being processed and processing ot passenger ticket and baggage, going from ticket desk and passing the customs and duty-free areas to get to our waiting aircraft are the operation we are involved in. 2.2 Transformation Process When more part are added to the transformation process, it will provide key elements that operation managers will considered. Process:   This is the step of transforming inputs into outputs and could be series of steps or operate as decision tree. Capital Equipment: This involves all the tools necessary to support the transformation process and they could be machines, structures, computer hardware and software and information. Labour: This involves all the personnel that are needed in the execution of the transformation process. 2.3 Example of Outputs Output:   Any product and / or output required by the customer are classified as output with the customer being used in the widest logic of the word. System’s output are often inputs into other subsequent process, e.g. steel panels used for making car fenders and the car fender used for building the car. Likewise outputs can also be inputs into the same system. Quality data control can be used to improve the system’s operation, e.g. a recipe of a hamburger may be changed due to complaint about a bland of the product. (Rev. A, 1999) 3 The role of Operation Management Transformation of the company’s input to finished goods and services is the unique role of operations management. Those inputs are human resources like workers and managers, processes including facilities like buildings and equipment as well as   materials technology and information. Outputs include goods as well as services that are produced by a company. Figure 1 and 2 represents the processof transformation, and at any given factory, the physical process of changing raw materials into finished products is the transformation process such as the   transformation of rubber and leather into sneakers, denims to jeans, or plastics to toys. For the Airline industry, the professional movement of passengers and their luggage’s from one particular place to another is deemed the process of transformation, whereas in the   hospital, organisation of resources such as   medical procedures, doctors and medications needed totransform sick people to healthy ones is a signific ant examples. (Wiley, 1999) Wiley stated further that â€Å"Orchestrating all the resources needed in producing the final product is the responsibility of operations management which involves the product design, decision on the resources that are needed, schedules arrangements, equipment and facilities, inventory management, quality control, jobs design for the product and the designing of work methods.† All aspects concerning the transformation of inputs to outputs are basically the responsibility of operations management as well. It can be seen in the diagram below that performance information and customers’ feedbacks are used in the continuous adjustment of the inputs, the transformation process and the outputs characteristics and fig 2 gives a representation of the dynamics for adapting to changes in the environment. Many companies have been successful due to proper management functions of operations and a typical example is Dell Inc which is a second-tier computer maker that managed its opera tion in1994 as similar to most in the computer industry. (Wiley.com, 1999) Transformation and feedback process Fig 2 Source: Introduction to Operations Management .Pp 3Wiley.com (1999) A new business model was implemented by Dell that changed the company’s operations function role as well as the development of new and ground-breaking ways on how to manage the operations function which is one of today’s best practices. Dell company was able to offer rapid delivery of products that are of   customised nature to their customers at a lower cost, due to these changes and so therefore become the industry leader. This gives an understanding that any operation that is properly managed can lead to improvement in company success and those that are improperly managed can lead to failure. (Wiley.com, 1999) 3.1 Operations Management Decisions A general agreement stated that operation will give competitive advantage to a small firm for making   operational decision regarding the firm’s business as well as   corporate strategies. In the operation management literature these operation strategy decisions have been categorised as structured and infrastructured strategic decisions. (Hayes and Wheelwright, 1984) Satisfy Factory Demand Infrastructural decisions are often easier to change as they will not require large and physical modifications that are costly which structural decision have. However, infrastructural decisions combined are described to have strategic effect on the competitive position of the firm. The best way to look at specific decisions that are being made by operations managers is by thinking about decisions that we need to make if we start our own company called Niger Wafers producing praline pecan cookies that originates from an old family recipe. Operations management in this scenario is the decision that have to be made from the first idea to real production of the product. Although this example is exceptionally simple, every other company as well follows this decision-making process inclusive of IBM, General Motors Land’s End as well as a local floral shop. One must note in this example that we need to make a decision before we can think about specific day-to-day decisions. (Wiley.co m, 1999) Operations Management Decisions for Niger Wafers Fig 3 Source: Introduction to Operations Management by Wiley.com (1999) The relationship between strategic and tactical decisions Fig 4 Source: Introduction to Operations Management by Wiley.com (1999) It can be noted previously in our example that decisions need to be made on the   whole company that are long-term in nature before one can think about day-to-day decisions. Strategic decisions are long-term decisions which are used in setting direction for the entire organisation and can be broad in scope when setting the tone for other more specific decisions.   Questions similar to the unique features of our product are addressed through strategic decisions as well as the market   that one plans to compete in as well as the demand for our product, while tactical decisions are short-term decisions which focus on specific departments and task. Every day issues such as quantities and the timing of specific assets are addressed, and focused more upon by tactical decisions. (Wiley.com, 1999) Strategic decision determines tactical ones that are frequently and routinely made. Therefore operations management needs begin with strategic decisions, and then later moved to tactical ones. Fig 4 above shows the relationship and alignment of tactical decision with strategic decisions which act as the means to a company’s efficiency in the long run. Feedbacks are provided by tactical decisions to strategic decisions for modification. The example of Niger Wafers above gives an indication of the importance of operation management which are crucial to companies that are large and small. (Wiley.com, 1999) 4 Hotel Operation Management Many factors determine the commercial success of a hotel and quite a few of which are only considered and recognised by a professional. sufficient positioning, rendered service level, qualifications of personnel as well as other things will influence the profits of a hotel considering both economic and seasonal factors. When tourism business   and international partnership are energetically developed, it is then necessary to introduce complex hotel management system which can be   singled out as a separate subject of business management that have features that are quite specific. Operations management   in a hotel stipulates that organisation must have   business control over four keys important roles of a hotel: Production of food including products purchase technology, control of supply and consumption, menu card planning, as well as occupation hygiene. Service of Food and Beverages (clients services, beverages purchase and wines meeting of visitors, and orders fulfilment; Housekeeping ( general housekeeping, cleaning of client’s rooms, room services and laundrette services); Operations in front ( accommodation and reception of visitors and additional service render); Just as in any other business, decision making process will determine how current work is being organised. In other words organising hotel operation will be based on communicational technology which relies on the art of listening, convincing and solving of conflicting situations and by following ethical standards of behaviour, to offer psychological atmosphere that is favourable within the group of people. This can be described as the theme of personnel and hospitality management which forms an integral part of hotel management. (Wiley.com, 1999) 4.1Differences and similarities between a Budget Hotel and a Luxury Hotel Budget Hotels: These are small scale hotels normally considered to be one star hotel since they only provide lodging that are cheaper in cost per room per night, with some offering breakfast with these prices. The budget hotel as the name suggest are established for people that have a small budget and those who want to spend as little as possible. These hotels usually come with rooms that have basic facilities like bed and washing facilities with communal toilets. Most of them are older in nature compare to the luxury ones. They are also clean but they are not fanciful as the luxury hotels and they are sometimes equipped with worn fixtures and nothing free is offered except a simple breakfast or newspaper that is sometimes inclusive in the charged price. They are normally charged at  £45 to  £70 per room per day. Luxurious Hotels: This can be defined as an upscale hope that typically cost more than any average accommodation. In the absence of a formal threshold in most cities, any hotel that charges above  £200 to  £250 could be considered as luxury hotel. This type of hotel is only available for people that can spend a lot of money like celebrities, big investors, and the wealthy ones in the society. Crowl and Pascal Duchauffour of The Ritz-Carlton Bahrain Hotel Spa describes luxury hotel as the hotel that â€Å"Provide extraordinary experiences that exceeded customer expectations and created life-long memories.† These hotel’s employees are specially trained on how to cater for everyone of the guests need and their aim is to provide their guests with all the luxuries that the guest desire during their stay. These hotels are even constructed to make their guests stay absolutely stress-free. These hotels are usually equipped with spas offering massages in addition to basic a menities as well as a provision of gyms with the latest exercise equipment, beauty centres offering a wide range of beauty treatments, swimming pools, in-house bars and restaurants and laundry service. (articlesbased.com, 2010) The price of services in the luxury hotels is much higher when compared to budget hotels but luxury hotel do have free room service, free newspapers and better channel selections on the television with provision of robes and slippers in each rooms. Similar to the budget hotels, rate with luxury hotels vary greatly depending on where the hotel is located and LH in London usually charges between  £240 to  £250 per day. Basically it is a common practice for luxury hotels to have official website so that travellers can go online to make reservation for hotel of their choice, not all budget hotel have official website they are sometimes introduced through leaflets and word of mouth. A criteria table have been drawn below to illustrate some difference between budget hotel and luxury hotels based on the five elements which are the main concerns of operations management. (articlesbased.com, 2010) Criteria Comparison Table of Budget and Luxury Hotel Fig 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Source: Own self 5. Conclusion Managing a hotel property could be an uphill task, and professional operations of both luxury and budget hotel is not a smooth journey, because sometimes in both cases the guest expectations always runs high. It is pertinent to conclude from the above analysis that human resources is central to successful and profitable operations of both types of hotels. To properly manage and handle the situation by management principles, the production of hospitality management education institutes in most countries have produced able operation managers and skills necessary to operate successful hotels today and also for the future although the overall industrial requirement exceeds supply. While the management of budget hotel is done with limited resources and can be segmented into two categories of leisure users and business users, the market communication must be directed at these segments. On the other hand luxury hotels are professionally managed with large investment from corporate bodies an d tend to bring in a higher rate of return for the investors. References Introduction to Operations Management (Carlson School of Management Employer Education Services) by Rev. A. (1999) www.jpcmediallc.com/acrobat/managment.pdf Accessed (24/02/2011) 2. Technology Operations Management Website www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/dt31/TOMI/whatisom.html Accessed (25/022011) 3. Introduction to Operation management by Wiley (1999) http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/48/04713472/0471347248-3.pdf Accessed (01/03/2011) 4. Difference between Budget Hotel and Luxury Hotel www.articlesbase.com/hotels-articles/differences-between-luxury-hotels-and-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   budget-hotels-3311827.html   Accessed (07/03/2011) Journals Berry, W.L., and M.C. Cooper. â€Å"Manufacturing Flexibility: Methods for Measuring the Impact of Product Variety on Performance in Process Industries,† Journal of Operations Management, 17, 1999, 163–178. Hayes R. H. And S C Wheelwright, 1984, Restoring our Competitive Edge: Competitive Through manufacturing, Wiley, New York, Vice; DHHS Publication No.(PHS) 91-50212, Washington, DC South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage (2010), Vol. 3, Number 2  © 2010 South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage (Emergence of Budget Hotels and Metamorphosis of Small sized Commercial Hotels in India) by Professor Saroj Kant Biswal

Cloning Research Paper †Biology Course Essay

Cloning Research Paper – Biology Course Essay Free Online Research Papers Cloning was introduced in 1997 by a group of scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Their successful clone of the sheep â€Å"Dolly† thrust them and the topic of cloning onto the national scene. Unfortunately a great deal of people believed that cloning was morally wrong, and it shouldn’t be performed under any circumstances. Ever since 1997 until the present day cloning has been under a great deal of scrutiny, but scientists continue to advance themselves in the field despite people’s objections. The term clone itself is â€Å"an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.† The form of cloning that scientists performed in Scotland to duplicate â€Å"Dolly† the sheep is known as Reproductive Cloning, which is one of three types of cloning. Reproductive cloning is the most widely known form of cloning, but what is little known is that cloning is used for purposes other than genetic duplication. Recombinant DNA Technology is a form of cloning used to generate duplications of a material so scientists can further their study on that particular material. Recombinant DNA Technology has been used since the 1970’s and is now a common practice in molecular biology labs. The actual process used to carry out â€Å"DNA Cloning† is similar to the process a virus follows to duplicate itself and infect. Only the â€Å"DNA Cloning† process is monitored very closely and is an extremely complicated and intricate procedure. Therapeutic Cloning is the final type of cloning that is currently in use, and is the most controversial of the three. More formerly known as â€Å"stem-cell research† the process that is involved in harvesting these â€Å"stem cells† is where controversy arises. â€Å"Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for 5 days. The egg at this stage of development is called a blastocyst. The extraction process that takes place destroys the embryo (1).† The ultimate goal of Therapeutic Cloning is to one day use those harvested stem cells to serve as replacement cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimers, cancer, and other diseases. As of now Therapeutic Cloning is still in its very early stages of development. The first successful experiment conducted was in November of 2001 at the Advanced Cell Technologies lab in Massachusetts. The goal of this experiment was to take the egg from a woman’s embryo and make that egg the nucleus of the cell they wan ted to duplicate, if the experiment was a success the cells would begin to divide and duplicate themselves. There were a total of eight eggs extracted from embryos and of the eight eggs only three began to successfully divide and duplicate themselves. Cloning of course is not as easily carried out as it may seem. It is an extremely expensive and inconsistent procedure. Ninety percent of the time the cloning process doesn’t even produce living offspring. When a clone is lucky enough to survive birth it generally lives a short and unhealthy life. Scientists have stated that during the cloning process the subject’s immune system is compromised, which can cause a premature death in the clone. Even when a clone seems to be living a relatively healthy life, it will die without any sort of prior indications. This is why several people are against cloning because there are too many risks for the rewards. In fact the government has passed legislation that has prohibited human cloning in the United States based on the inefficiency of animal cloning. â€Å"With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible (1).† Quotes similar to this previous one are numerous and easy to come by. One scientist explained cloned monkey embryos as a â€Å"gallery of horrors.† Assuming that throughout the entire animal kingdom the monkey is the animal that shares the most characteristics with humans it is easy to see that if cloning a monkey creates a â€Å"gallery of horrors† imagine what it would do to a human. The topic of cloning is a very interesting one because there are very few things in the United States that are currently as controversial as cloning. Cloning is also an extremely technical and unpredictable process, the idea that there is much more to learn in the field makes it very intriguing. As time goes on the topic of cloning will continue to become more and more controversial. As of now human cloning is out of the question because the current lack of knowledge, but a few years from now scientists will make several key discoveries making cloning a much more efficient process. With that new found knowledge scientists will be able to make a very persuading case to the House of Representatives concerning the subject of human cloning. Because of the tremendous positive possibilities cloning has the House may eventually experience a change of heart and vote in favor of cloning. The opportunity to have any organ on hand at anytime in case there is a need for an emergency transplant i s a wonderful thing, but at what cost will these extra organs come. This is precisely where the ethical side of the argument lies. Is creating new life, only to sacrifice it later an ethical thing to do? Ultimately cloning, therapeutic and reproductive specifically, are harvesting parts of cloned human beings in order to replace those parts they have gone bad on naturally conceived human beings. Cloning in this fashion should most definitely be outlawed permanently. In some cases it is necessary to take risks in order to reap the benefits of the rewards, but here the risks easily outnumber the rewards. The medical technology of this time is doing enough to save human lives. Death is a completely natural and necessary occurrence. Every person in the world that is under fifty years has at one time wished that all the old people on the planet would vanish. Scientists obviously do not understand what they’ll be doing extending the lives of eighty year-olds another twenty years. The last thing the world needs is an overabundance of old people. Florida is already overpopulated and Cadillac already sold a considerable amount of cars before old people unanimously decided that the Cadillac town car was the greatest car ever built. To conclude my paper I would like to state, for the record, that cloning is for the birds. People live long enough as is, we don’t need to use extraordinary means to extend the lives of people who suck anyway. Work Cited (1) ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml (2) encyclopedia.com/html/c1/clone.asp Research Papers on Cloning Research Paper - Biology Course EssayGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

The Congo King Leopold's Ghost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Congo King Leopold's Ghost - Essay Example Through the Berlin Conference, King Leopold obtained international recognition for the colony. The king established a system of forced labor that kept the people of the Congo basin in a slavery condition (Hochschild 120). There are many reasons why Adam Hochschild chose to entitle his narrative of imperialism in the Congo ‘King Leopolds Ghost’. Firstly, King Leopold II was the central figure during the colonization of the Congo. The king employed every tactic to ensure that the Congo was part of Belgian colonial powers. It is hard to explore the history of the Congo basin without mentioning King Leopold II. He was the main authority that instructed his army to commit most of the atrocities experienced in the country. King Leopold II was the face of colonial power in the Congo. Being the king, King Leopold II gave direct orders that affected the country. To make this book relevant to the real situation in the Congo, the author had to mention the king in the title in order to link him and the Congo. A ghost refers to the spirit of a dead person that may affect the living people. King Leopold died many years ago but the impact of his orders and actions are still in historical books and in the memory of the Congo people. During the Belgian colonial rule of the Congo people, the colonial power committed so many atrocities. Many people died, while others were left homeless. The impact of this tyrannical rule is being felt to date. Many families lost their property and loved words. The colonial power took most of the Congo natural resources to its mother country. This implies that the Congo people lost different resources that could have helped their country in terms of development. The ghost of King Leopold II will hound the people of Congo for a very long time. King Leopold II ruled in a manner that affected the unity of the Congo people. He ruled by divide and rule

Anecdotal Observation of Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anecdotal Observation of Play - Essay Example Eventually, one girl asked her what her princess name was and she meekly said â€Å"Princess Petal†. The girls took turn down the slide and then climbed back up to the fort one by one, including Valerie. Valerie’s Observed Gross Motor Skills: Valerie seems to have developed good gross motor skills as she was seen pedaling on her tricycle around the playground. Her legs were strong and well-coordinated as she twisted and turned the vehicle with care not to hit any other child or object. She was also responsible enough to park her tricycle in a location that keeps other children safe and as she walked towards the playground equipment, she showed stability and grace in her gait. When she went up the playground equipment via the chain ladder, she was careful to hold on well to the chain as she balanced her body while climbing up. She is able to estimate which rung of the ladder to place her feet on to enable her to push herself up. She had no trouble climbing the chain ladd er which was in an inclined position towards the platform of the playground equipment. This showed that she can balance her whole body well. She was fearless when she slid down the slide with her friends and quickly ran to climb back up with agility in her movements. Observation 2: Back in the classroom, Valerie was observed to be making an Art project with other children in the round table. They were making a brown paper bag puppet. Valerie was seen cutting some colored paper to make different shapes then putting them in a cup to paste on the paper bag later.. Then, she got some markers and drew some lines and circles and curves on the paper bag. Mark took one of her markers to use on his puppet. . Valerie frowned and grabbed back her marker, to which Mark said, â€Å"You’re not sharing!† Valerie continued drawing on her paper bag without saying a word and moved all her materials away from Mark. He just looked on and a little while later, Valerie handed him one of her markers and said, â€Å"There you go.. now go ask Annie for more markers coz I’m using most of mine here†. Valerie’s Observed Fine Motor Skills: For a four-year old, Valerie displays well-developed fine motor skills. She can hold the scissors properly with her hand and cut some strips of papers as well as cut some closed shapes. It was not evident in the observation if she could cut across lines. She is also able to hold the marker with a tri-pod grip and exerts enough pressure on the marker so she is able to create smooth and neat lines and shapes on paper. Later on, she was observed to use a popsicle stick to scoop some glue for her cut-out colored paper to paste on her brown paper bag puppet. She did this without any mess and she came up with a neat and attractive puppet that looked like a cat. She was later seen putting the puppet on her hand and moving her fingers altogether on her palm to make the puppet â€Å"talk† to her classmates. Valerieâ€⠄¢s Social Skills Aside from exhibiting well-developed motor skills for her age, Valerie likewise displays healthy social skills. Although initially shy, she is unafraid to interact with her peers when she found it interesting to join them in their play. Walker (2009) explains, â€Å"A modern view of the child acknowledges agency, that is, children’s capacity to understand and act upon their world. It acknowledges that children demonstrate extraordinary competence from birth†